Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd
Wright, who had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function
and who thought of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as
parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the
society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the
southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to
make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park,
Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his
genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and
factories, among them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the
Johnson Wax Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in
meaning to which of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from
most of those built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built
on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials
came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more
like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be
used.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
(A) was Wright’s first
building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent
churches
(C) demonstrated
traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest
church Wright ever designed
4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures
were built by Wright EXCEPT
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of
Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design
is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical
architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow
outward in all directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and
those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive
blankets that cover whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There
must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier
to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the
ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered
nearly all the mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western
United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern
Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland
and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all
directions but covers less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap.
Although ice caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada,
on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety
of shapes and sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain
glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One
form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in
several directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field
and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat
controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of
a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach
mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common
types of mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are
found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic
circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down
valleys, curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Where major
glaciers are located
(B) How glaciers
shape the land
(C) How glaciers are
formed
(D) The different kinds of glaciers
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) huge
(B) strange
(C) cold
(D) recent
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which
of the following reasons?
(A) They are confined
to mountain valleys.
(B) They cover large areas of land.
(C) They are thicker
in some areas than in others.
(D) They have a
characteristic circular shape.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
(A) covering an
entire continent
(B) buried within the
mountains
(C) spreading into the ocean
(D) filling deep
valleys
10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice
Sheet thickest?
(A) Alaska
(B) Greenland
(C) Alberta
(D) Antarctica
11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) unusual
(C) valuable
(D) widespread
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields
resemble ice caps in which of the following ways?
(A) Their shape
(B) Their flow
(C) Their texture
(D) Their location
13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to
(A) glacier
(B) cap
(C) difference
(D) terrain
14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) slight
(B) common
(C) important
(D) measurable
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
(A) cirque glaciers
(B) ice caps
(C) valley glaciers
(D) ice fields
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author
use to illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A) Ice fields and
cirques
(B) Cirques and
alpine glaciers
(C) Ice sheets and
ice shelves
(D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave
complex in South Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as
Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before
the species became extinct I million Line
years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before
humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo
habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus
robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under
excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of
sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain
extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of
apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of
Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus
hand was the pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone
had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis
longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That
muscle gave Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would
allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found
primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same
layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more
“robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces,
heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating
hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which
would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously
believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus
because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The
discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers
will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their
reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate
became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains,
were simply able tomake more sophisticated tools.
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of
the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
(A) Australopithecus
robustus
(B) Homo erectus
(C) Homo habilis
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) numerous
(B) exposed
(C) ancient
(D) valuable
19. Which of the following does the author mention as the
most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A) Tools
(B) Teeth
(C) Plant fossils
(D) Hand bones
20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
(A) Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
(B) Purposes for
which hominids used tools
(C) Methods used to
determine the age of fossils
(D) Significant plant
fossils found in layers of sediment
21. It can be inferred from the description in the last
paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species’
(A) ancestors
(B) thumb
(C) build
(D) diet
22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) exploit
(B) displace
(C) understand
(D) imitate
23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
(A) tools
(B) Homo habilis
(C) Australopithecus
robustus
(D) experts
24. What does the author suggest is unclear about
Australopithecus robustus?
(A) Whether they used
tools
(B) What they most
likely ate
(C) Whether they are
closely related to humans
(D) Why they became extinct
25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in
meaning to
(A) impact on
(B) dependence on
(C) tolerance of
(D) discovery of
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